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The Ophthalmologist / Issues / 2025 / July / Ophthalmologist’s Time Machine: Chapter 28 / Notecards
Anterior Segment Educational Tools & Resources

Ophthalmologist’s Time Machine: Chapter 28

The history of the prophylaxis and treatment of endophthalmitis

By Stephen G. Schwartz, Landon J. Rohowetz, Harry W. Flynn Jr., Christopher T. Leffler, Andrzej Grzybowski 7/23/2025 4 min read

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article Full Article subject Summary summarize Notecard

1. Astigmatism was first described by Thomas Young in the 19th century.
2. M. Chamblant patented cylindrical lenses with two planoconvex lenses in 1813.
3. George Biddell Airy designed cylindrical lenses in 1824.
4. Chauncey Enoch Goodrich noted the corrective effects of cylindrical lenses in 1825.
5. American ophthalmologists largely ignored Goodrich's findings until Donders' publication in 1864. 6. Goodrich contributed more to agriculture than ophthalmology later in life.

About the Author(s)

Stephen G. Schwartz

Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Naples, FL, USA

More Articles by Stephen G. Schwartz

Landon J. Rohowetz

Landon J. Rohowetz is a vitreoretinal surgeon at Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

More Articles by Landon J. Rohowetz

Harry W. Flynn Jr.

Harry W. Flynn Jr. is The J. Donald M. Gass Distinguished Chair in Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute.

More Articles by Harry W. Flynn Jr.

Christopher T. Leffler

Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA. His book on the history of ophthalmology can be found here: https://kugler.pub/editors/christopher-t-leffler/

More Articles by Christopher T. Leffler

Andrzej Grzybowski

Andrzej Grzybowski is a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland, and the Head of Institute for Research in Ophthalmology at the Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland. He is EVER Past-President, Treasurer of the European Academy of Ophthalmology, and a member of the Academia Europea. He is co-founder and leader of the International AI in Ophthalmology Society (https://iaisoc.com/) and has written a book on the subject that can be found here: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-78601-4.

More Articles by Andrzej Grzybowski

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